{
 "story": "amazon-mining",
 "built": "2026-09-10",
 "built_by": "scripts/build-amazon-mining.py",
 "layers": [
  {
   "file": "detections.json",
   "name": "Amazon Mining Watch detections, Madre de Dios corridor",
   "publisher": "Earth Genome, with the Pulitzer Center's Rainforest Investigations Network and the Amazon Conservation Association",
   "url": "https://data.source.coop/earthgenome/amazon-mining-watch/amazon_basin_detections.geojson",
   "landing": "https://source.coop/earthgenome/amazon-mining-watch",
   "method": "https://github.com/earthrise-media/mining-detector",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0 (data); MIT (code)",
   "accessed": "2026-09-10",
   "published": "August 2026 rebuild; model 48px_v4.10b-18d-20g-21a-22bc-ensemble",
   "note": "Detections are ~480 m assessment patches. Counts and locations only. Earth Genome publishes SAM2 scar masks separately for area and reports that the cumulative mask overstates annotated extent by about 1.7x."
  },
  {
   "file": "basin.json",
   "name": "Amazon Mining Watch detections, basin overview",
   "publisher": "Earth Genome and partners",
   "url": "https://data.source.coop/earthgenome/amazon-mining-watch/amazon_basin_detections.geojson",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "accessed": "2026-09-10",
   "note": "Counted into 0.05 degree cells for display."
  },
  {
   "file": "gfw-madre-de-dios.json",
   "name": "Tree cover loss, Madre de Dios",
   "publisher": "Hansen/UMD/GLAD, served by Global Nature Watch (formerly Global Forest Watch)",
   "url": "https://data-api.globalforestwatch.org/dataset/gadm__tcl__adm1_change/v20260424/query",
   "landing": "https://www.globalnaturewatch.org/dashboards/country/PER/18/",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "accessed": "2026-09-10",
   "versions": [
    "gadm__tcl__adm1_change/v20260424",
    "gadm__tcl__adm1_change/v20250515"
   ],
   "note": "Pinned, never `latest`: the alias stops at 2024."
  },
  {
   "file": "tambopata-reserve.json",
   "name": "Tambopata National Reserve boundary",
   "publisher": "SERNANP, Peru",
   "url": "https://geoservicios.sernanp.gob.pe/arcgis/rest/services/base_fisica/peru_sernanp_0102/MapServer/0/query",
   "landing": "https://geo.sernanp.gob.pe/visorsernanp/",
   "institution": "https://www.gob.pe/sernanp",
   "license": "Peruvian public-sector geospatial data, SERNANP geoservicios",
   "accessed": "2026-09-10",
   "note": "D.S. N° 048-2000-AG. The story quotes the legal area, 274,690 ha; the polygon itself measures 277,629 ha in UTM 19S."
  }
 ],
 "cited_in_text": [
  {
   "id": "MAAP #226",
   "title": "AI to Detect Amazon Gold Mining Deforestation, 2024 Update",
   "publisher": "Amazon Conservation / MAAP",
   "published": "2025-05-04",
   "url": "https://www.maapprogram.org/amazon-mining-2024/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-10",
   "note": "MAAP's hectares are Amazon Mining Watch counted as 480 m alert pixels, and the same page says the data is not designed for precise area measurements. Published on the model generation before the August 2026 rebuild that this story's own detections come from."
  },
  {
   "id": "MAAP #241",
   "title": "Rapid Expansion of Illegal Gold Mining in Tambopata National Reserve",
   "publisher": "Amazon Conservation / MAAP",
   "published": "2026-05-10",
   "url": "https://www.maapprogram.org/mining-peru-tambopata/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-10"
  }
 ],
 "consulted_not_cited": [
  {
   "id": "MAAP #235",
   "title": "AI-powered detection of Amazon gold mining deforestation in real-time",
   "publisher": "Amazon Conservation / MAAP",
   "published": "2025-11-13",
   "url": "https://www.maapprogram.org/amazon-gold-mining-2025/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-10",
   "why_not_cited": "The 2025 update, reporting 37,109 ha of new mining basin-wide in 2025. It runs on the model generation before the August 2026 rebuild, as MAAP #226 does, and its 2025 figure is a partial year read off quarterly updates. The story already carries one MAAP vintage with its date attached; adding a second of the same vintage would add a number without adding a check."
  }
 ],
 "derived_in_text": {
  "detections_inside_tambopata_reserve": 334,
  "of_those_confirmed_before_2019": 136,
  "of_those_provisional_q2_2026": 125,
  "method": "Point-in-polygon of every detection centroid against the unsimplified SERNANP boundary. Reproduce with count_in_reserve() in this script.",
  "madre_de_dios_hard_commodity_ha": {
   "2023": 10457,
   "2024": 10273,
   "2025": 11065,
   "source": "gfw-madre-de-dios.json, the Global Nature Watch series already shipped with this story",
   "used_in": "Chapter 04, against MAAP #226’s 46 per cent fall in new mining clearing in 2024"
  }
 },
 "africa_built": "2026-09-17",
 "africa_built_by": "scripts/build-africa-mining.py",
 "africa_layers": [
  {
   "file": "africa-survey.json and africa-patches.bin",
   "name": "Africa Mining Watch, Earth Index survey of West Africa and the Congo Basin, June 2026",
   "publisher": "Code for Africa; Africa Mining Watch was built jointly by Code for Africa, Earth Genome and the Pulitzer Center",
   "url": "https://codeforafrica.github.io/africa-mining-watch/",
   "repository": "https://github.com/CodeForAfrica/africa-mining-watch",
   "downloads": [
    "https://codeforafrica.github.io/africa-mining-watch/detections_affected_areas.geojson",
    "https://codeforafrica.github.io/africa-mining-watch/detections_by_admin.geojson",
    "https://www.africaminingwatch.org/map-data/results.zip"
   ],
   "project": "https://www.africaminingwatch.org/",
   "detection_file": "WestAfrica_CongoBasin_EI_2026-06.geojson",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0, from the metadata block inside the survey's own detections_by_admin.geojson",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "note": "Read from the JSON payload embedded in the published page. Patches are ~320 m cells (~10.2 ha), against Amazon Mining Watch's ~480 m, so counts are not comparable across the two. Hectares are ground containing detected mining, an upper bound. Patches carry no date. Areas with fewer than 3 patches are not mapped. Rings simplified for display; patch centres quantised to 0.001 degrees, the payload's own precision. The thirteen by_country rows add to 123,079, which is meta.summary.patches_mapped: the patches in the 615 admin units with at least min_patches_to_map (3) patches. The other 462 of the 123,541 total (all matched to an admin unit) fall in units with fewer than 3 and appear in no row; the chapter 05 chart note says so.",
   "publisher_source": "https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/african-journalists-spent-earth-day-mapping-mines-heres-why-thats-important-pulitzer-center",
   "project_site_quotes": {
    "url": "https://www.africaminingwatch.org/",
    "accessed": "2026-09-17",
    "section": "Access our data",
    "quotes": [
     "This data is a rough cut, produced by a collection of machine learning models in Earth Index...",
     "The map broadly reflects the state of artisanal mining activity in West Africa and the Congo Basin.",
     "...captures some industrial mining facilities, and it includes errors both in false detections and mining sites missed."
    ]
   },
   "publisher_quote": "a joint effort by the Pulitzer Center, Code for Africa, and Earth Genome to build Africa Mining Watch (AfMW)",
   "publisher_source_also": "https://www.africaminingwatch.org/mapathon"
  }
 ],
 "africa_derived_in_text": {
  "ghana_share_of_patches_pct": 55.8,
  "oda_river_patches": 988,
  "upper_wassaw_patches": 714,
  "kankan_reserve_patches": 3132,
  "method": "Protected-area patch counts are the sum of the per-area `pn` entries in Code for Africa's payload, where each patch is counted once, in the area under its centre.",
  "protected_area_records_in_survey": 200,
  "protected_area_records_with_detections": 167,
  "duplicate_protected_area_records": "Code for Africa's list of 200 repeats three places: 'Parc national de la Comoe', 'Parc national des Virunga' and 'Odzala Kokoua' each appear twice, and the Okapi reserve appears once as 'Okapis' and once as 'Reserve de faune a okapis' with the same 269 patches. 197 distinct names, 164 of them with detections.",
  "licence": "The metadata block in the survey's published detections_by_admin.geojson gives the licence as CC BY 4.0, the source as 'Africa Mining Watch - Code for Africa and Earth Genome', and the administrative boundaries as 'geoBoundaries ADM2/ADM3, 13 countries'. Read 17 September 2026 from https://codeforafrica.github.io/africa-mining-watch/detections_by_admin.geojson"
 },
 "africa_reporting": {
  "note": "Published investigations drawn in chapter 10 (REPORTING in main.ts); the Yanomami story is listed in the coda. Coordinates are approximate centroids of the town or region each story covered, not mine sites, and are drawn as soft region markers. One arc joins Potter's Itaituba narcogarimpos marker to Abdelilah's Ghana marker, standing for the documented handover at the Africa Mining Watch mapathon, 22 April 2026: the Pulitzer Center's account of the mapathon links those two investigations. No story listed used Africa Mining Watch's own dataset. Armando.info's Corredor Furtivo used earlier models from Earthrise Media (the GitHub organisation earthrise-media, named 'Earthrise Media (EarthGenome)') before Amazon Mining Watch existed; the Ghana and Nigeria stories used Earth Index.",
  "stories": [
   {
    "outlet": "Armando.info with El País",
    "title": "Corredor Furtivo",
    "byline": "Joseph Poliszuk and team",
    "date": "2022-01-30",
    "url": "https://armando.info/series/corredor-furtivo/",
    "finding": "3,718 illegal mining sites and airstrips in Bolívar and Amazonas, Venezuela",
    "precursor": "Used earlier Earthrise Media models before Amazon Mining Watch existed",
    "marker": {
     "place": "Bolívar and Amazonas, Venezuela (region)",
     "lat": 5.0,
     "lng": -65.0,
     "approximate": true
    },
    "precursor_source": {
     "url": "https://github.com/earthrise-media/mining-detector",
     "section": "Journalism, Selected reporting using the automated detections",
     "org_name_source": "https://api.github.com/orgs/earthrise-media",
     "accessed": "2026-09-17"
    }
   },
   {
    "outlet": "Repórter Brasil",
    "byline": "Hyury Potter",
    "date": "2023-02-23",
    "url": "https://reporterbrasil.org.br/2023/02/novas-imagens-de-satelite-revelam-garimpo-ainda-mais-destruidor-na-ti-yanomami/",
    "finding": "Amazon Mining Watch measured 1,226 ha destroyed in Yanomami territory in 2021-22, against 418 ha in Deter",
    "marker": {
     "place": "Yanomami territory, Brazil (region)",
     "lat": 2.8,
     "lng": -63.0,
     "approximate": true
    },
    "listed_in": "coda"
   },
   {
    "outlet": "Repórter Brasil",
    "byline": "Hyury Potter",
    "date": "2023-10-04",
    "url": "https://reporterbrasil.org.br/2023/10/suspected-leader-of-the-so-called-narcogarimpos-extracted-gold-from-environmental-area-without-the-permission-of-brazilian-regulation-authority/",
    "finding": "A suspected leader of the so-called narcogarimpos extracted gold from an environmental protection area in the Tapajós without permission from Brazil's mining regulator",
    "marker": {
     "place": "Itaituba, Brazil (town)",
     "lat": -4.28,
     "lng": -55.98,
     "approximate": true
    },
    "byline_checked": "Visible byline \"By Hyury Potter\" on the Repórter Brasil page, accessed 2026-09-17",
    "bridge": "from"
   },
   {
    "outlet": "Forbidden Stories",
    "title": "Toxic Gold",
    "byline": "Alexander Abdelilah",
    "date": "2025-10-24",
    "url": "https://forbiddenstories.org/ghana-the-trail-of-illegal-gold-leads-to-india/",
    "finding": "With Earth Index and 2024 imagery, more than three quarters of the mining footprint in south-western Ghana lies outside legal concessions",
    "marker": {
     "place": "Manso Nkwanta, Ghana (town)",
     "lat": 6.47,
     "lng": -1.87,
     "approximate": true
    },
    "bridge": "to"
   },
   {
    "outlet": "The Liberalist, with Pulitzer Center support",
    "byline": "Abdullah Tijani",
    "date": "2026 (exact date not confirmed)",
    "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/blood-gold-enterprise-sustaining-terrorism-across-sahelian-borders",
    "finding": "Earth Index found 136 predicted mine sites in Zamfara, Nigeria; the team validated 51",
    "marker": {
     "place": "Anka LGA, Nigeria (region)",
     "lat": 12.11,
     "lng": 5.93,
     "approximate": true
    }
   }
  ],
  "bridge": [
   {
    "name": "Pulitzer Center blog, African journalists spent Earth Day mapping mines",
    "date": "2026-04-24",
    "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/african-journalists-spent-earth-day-mapping-mines-heres-why-thats-important-pulitzer-center",
    "used_for": "Africa Mining Watch is a joint effort by the Pulitzer Center, Code for Africa and Earth Genome and builds on Amazon Mining Watch; at the Africa Mining Watch mapathon, 22 April 2026 (Earth Day), two former Rainforest Investigations Network fellows, Alexander Abdelilah and Hyury Potter, shared how they used the tool in illegal gold-mining investigations in Brazil and Ghana",
    "byline": "Kuek Ser Kuang Keng",
    "quotes": [
     "a joint effort by the Pulitzer Center, Code for Africa, and Earth Genome to build Africa Mining Watch (AfMW)",
     "two former Fellows of the Pulitzer Center's Rainforest Investigations Network (RIN): Alexander Abdelilah and Hyury Potter, who shared how they used the AI tool in investigations into illegal gold mining in Brazil and Ghana"
    ],
    "links_from_that_sentence": {
     "brazil": "https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/suspected-leader-so-called-narcogarimpos-extracted-gold-environmental-area-without",
     "ghana": "https://forbiddenstories.org/projects_posts/toxic-gold/"
    },
    "accessed": "2026-09-17"
   },
   {
    "name": "Africa Mining Watch mapathon page",
    "url": "https://www.africaminingwatch.org/mapathon",
    "used_for": "Earth Index described as the technology behind Amazon Mining Watch; the mapathon date; the three organisations launching Africa Mining Watch",
    "accessed": "2026-09-17",
    "quotes": [
     "Built on Earth Index, the proven technology behind Amazon Mining Watch",
     "Mapathon Held on 22 April",
     "Code for Africa, Pulitzer Center and Earth Genome are launching Africa Mining Watch"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "cut_unverified": [
   {
    "outlet": "Mongabay",
    "url": "https://news.mongabay.com/2026/04/ai-tool-tracks-spread-of-illegal-gold-mining-in-amazon-protected-areas/",
    "reason": "Returned HTTP 502 directly and via r.jina.ai on 17 September 2026, so the byline, date and figures (about 6,000 ha, over 200 ha in Tambopata) could not be checked. Removed from the story."
   }
  ],
  "next_steps": {
   "amw_audience": {
    "url": "https://www.africaminingwatch.org/mapathon",
    "accessed": "2026-09-17",
    "quote": "The online tool is designed specifically for journalists, researchers, and civil society to investigate illegal and artisanal mining in Sub-Saharan Africa."
   },
   "labelling": {
    "url": "https://pulitzercenter.org/blog/african-journalists-spent-earth-day-mapping-mines-heres-why-thats-important-pulitzer-center",
    "accessed": "2026-09-17",
    "quote": "That labeled data will help train and improve AfMW's detection model."
   },
   "note": "Used in chapter 12. The same blog says the tool was expected to launch for public use in July 2026; the story does not quote that, since it is a forecast made in April 2026 and nothing fetched confirms the launch."
  }
 },
 "africa_health": [
  {
   "name": "Rajaee et al., Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Ghana, Part 2: Natural Sciences Review",
   "journal": "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12(8):8971, 2015",
   "doi": "10.3390/ijerph120808971",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4555259/",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "figures_in_text": {
    "sediment_samples_mercury_above_guideline_pct": 64,
    "water_samples_above_guideline_pct": {
     "arsenic": 67,
     "cadmium": 17,
     "lead": 24
    }
   },
   "note": "Abstract figures from a review of dozens of studies and thousands of samples across Ghana; not all samples are from mine sites. The abstract says more research is needed to elucidate the long-term impacts of ASGM on the environment, paraphrased in the text as long-term environmental impacts."
  },
  {
   "name": "World Health Organization, Mercury and health (fact sheet)",
   "date": "2024-10-24",
   "url": "https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mercury-and-health",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "used_for": "Mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining is particularly hazardous; toxic effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems, lungs, kidneys, skin and eyes. Coda: \"health effects on vulnerable populations are significant.\""
  },
  {
   "name": "UN Environment Programme, Global Mercury Assessment 2018",
   "url": "https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-mercury-assessment-2018",
   "text_read_from": "https://library.arcticportal.org/1954/1/Global_Mercury_Assessment_2018.pdf",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "used_for": "Artisanal and small-scale gold mining accounts for almost 38% of the global total of anthropogenic mercury emissions to air in 2015 and is the major contributor to emissions from South America and Sub-Saharan Africa (pp. 4 and 16)",
   "quotes": [
    "Emissions associated with artisanal and small-scale gold mining account for almost 38% of the global total (p. 4)",
    "Proportions of global emissions of mercury to air from different anthropogenic source sectors in 2015 (p. 16, figure caption)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "name": "Wilson ML, Renne E, Roncoli C, et al., Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Ghana, Part 3: Social Sciences and Economics",
   "journal": "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12(7):8133, 2015",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4515713/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "used_for": "Chapter 11: who works the sites.",
   "quotes": [
    "In Ghana alone, an estimated 1.1 million people directly work in ASGM activities, representing nearly two-thirds of the country's total mining labor force",
    "most evidence indicates that the growing number of people who are participating in ASGM do so out of sheer poverty and lack of alternatives"
   ]
  },
  {
   "note": "Wilson et al. 2015, Part 3 (the 1.1 million workers estimate) was cut from chapter 11 when the chapter was tightened to health impacts. It remains a verified source, no longer quoted in the text."
  }
 ],
 "africa_photos": [
  {
   "file": "africa-tarkwa.jpg",
   "chapter": "ghana",
   "title": "Land disturbances at ASGM site in Tarkwa, Wassa West District, Ghana",
   "author": "Rajaee et al., IJERPH 2015",
   "license": "CC BY 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
   "commons_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Land_disturbances_at_ASGM_site_in_Tarkwa,_Wassa_West_District,_Ghana.jpg",
   "note": "Resized only, to 1600, 960 and 480 px wide; no crop and no colour edit, so the file is unaltered apart from size. CSS object-fit may crop it on screen."
  },
  {
   "file": "africa-river-pra.jpg",
   "chapter": "bodies",
   "title": "River Pra of Ghana",
   "author": "Efo Komla",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
   "commons_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:River_Pra_of_Ghana.jpg",
   "note": "Resized only, to 1600, 960 and 480 px wide; no crop and no colour edit, so the file is unaltered apart from size. CSS object-fit may crop it on screen."
  },
  {
   "file": "africa-drc-cobalt.jpg",
   "chapter": "drc",
   "title": "Artisanal cobalt miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo",
   "author": "International Institute for Environment and Development",
   "license": "CC BY 2.5",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/",
   "commons_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artisanal_cobalt_miners_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.jpg",
   "note": "Resized only, to 1600, 960 and 480 px wide; no crop and no colour edit, so the file is unaltered apart from size. CSS object-fit may crop it on screen.",
   "caption_place": "near Kolwezi, from the Commons geotag -10.737083, 25.856556",
   "flickr_original": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/iied/51539146105/",
   "flickr_taken": "2020-12-09",
   "licence_exposure": "Commons lists CC BY 2.5 with source Flickr; the Flickr original currently shows CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. The story credits the Commons licence. Documented here, not acted on."
  },
  {
   "file": "africa-boffa-bauxite.jpg",
   "chapter": "guinea",
   "title": "Transport de Bauxite a Boffa",
   "author": "Aboubacarkhoraa",
   "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
   "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
   "commons_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transport_de_Bauxite_a_Boffa.jpg",
   "note": "Resized only, to 1600, 960 and 480 px wide; no crop and no colour edit, so the file is unaltered apart from size. CSS object-fit may crop it on screen.",
   "caption_place": "Boffa, Boké Region (Commons category), about 550 km west of the chapter 08 gold areas: Boffa at -14.03, 10.17 (Wikidata Q2908600) against the camera at -8.98, 10.66. Commons category: Bauxite mining in Guinea; Wiki Loves Africa 2020; dated 2020-02-02."
  }
 ],
 "africa_minerals": [
  {
   "name": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, Cobalt",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-cobalt.pdf",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "used_for": "Congo (Kinshasa) accounted for an estimated 76% of world cobalt mine production in 2024 (chapter 09); \"the cobalt contents of lithium-ion batteries, the leading global use for cobalt, are being reduced\" (chapter 12, verified in the MCS 2025 cobalt PDF, Substitutes paragraph)",
   "end_use_note": "MCS 2025 gives country-level end uses as well: China, the leading consumer, used the majority of its cobalt in lithium-ion batteries, and 51 per cent of US consumption went to superalloys."
  },
  {
   "name": "USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025, Bauxite and Alumina",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2025/mcs2025-bauxite-alumina.pdf",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "used_for": "Guinea mine production 130,000 thousand metric dry tons (2024 estimate) of a world total of 450,000, so about 130 million t, more than a quarter (chapter 08)"
  },
  {
   "name": "USGS Minerals Yearbook 2021, Bauxite and Alumina",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/myb/vol1/2021/myb1-2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "used_for": "Confirms the Chinalco-operated Boffa bauxite mine in Guinea (photo caption, chapter 08)"
  },
  {
   "name": "World Gold Council, Gold Demand Trends Q2 2026",
   "publisher": "World Gold Council",
   "published": "2026-07-30",
   "url": "https://www.gold.org/goldhub/research/gold-demand-trends/gold-demand-trends-q2-2026",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "quote": "The LBMA (PM) gold price averaged US$4,506.29/oz in Q2. The price was 8% lower than the Q1 record, but 37% higher than the average from Q2 2025.",
   "figures_in_text": {
    "q1_2026_average_usd_oz": 4872.9,
    "note": "The quarterly table gives the Q1 2026 LBMA PM average as US$4,872.9/oz, which the text calls the record the Q2 average fell below. Chapter 12 quotes it as a record quarterly average."
   }
  }
 ],
 "africa_climate": [
  {
   "name": "MAAP #148, Carbon loss & protection in the Peruvian Amazon",
   "publisher": "Amazon Conservation (MAAP)",
   "date": "2021-11-05",
   "url": "https://www.maaproject.org/peru-carbon-2020/",
   "accessed": "2026-09-17",
   "used_for": "Chapter 12: forest clearing releases stored carbon; gold mining in Madre de Dios lost over 800,000 metric tons of carbon (analysis period 2013 to 2020).",
   "quotes": [
    "when these forests are cleared (and often subsequently burned), the stored carbon is released into the atmosphere, further driving global climate change",
    "Zoom C shows the loss of over 800,000 metric tons of carbon due to gold mining in the southern Peruvian Amazon (Madre de Dios region)"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "africa_protected_inside": {
  "what": "Which Africa Mining Watch patches fall inside a protected area, computed for chapters 07 to 09 of this story.",
  "script": "scripts/build-africa-protected-inside.py",
  "method": "Point-in-polygon on the full-precision patch centres in Code for Africa's payload against its full-resolution protected-area rings (shapely, STRtree, covers). A patch on a boundary counts as inside; a patch inside overlapping areas is counted once, in the first area matched.",
  "inputs": {
   "patch_centres": "Code for Africa payload `points`, full precision, the same 123,079 mapped patches written to africa-patches.bin",
   "protected_boundaries": "Code for Africa payload `protected`, full-resolution rings, 200 areas. The page names no upstream boundary dataset; the designations it publishes (Forest Reserve, Classified Forest, National Park, Ramsar site, World Heritage site) are carried through as given."
  },
  "outputs": [
   "africa-patches-inside.bin",
   "africa-inside.json"
  ],
  "patches_tested": 123079,
  "patches_inside": 9849,
  "code_for_africa_sum_of_per_area_counts": 10124,
  "reconciliation": "The test puts 9849 patches inside a protected area. Code for Africa's own per-area counts, the `pn` entries summed over admin units, add up to 10124, a difference of 275 patches or 2.7 per cent. Per area the two agree closely (Oda River 996 against 988, Upper Wassaw 712 against 714, Okapi 275 against 269) except at Kankan, 3,073 against 3,132. The gap is in assignment, not detection: Code for Africa counts each patch once in the area under its centre through its own admin and protected-area join, while this test asks only whether the published centre lies within the published boundary. Patches near a boundary, and patches in overlapping designations, can land on either side of that line. Re-running the same test without stopping at the first match finds 432 of the 9,849 inside two protected areas at once, counted once here and in each area by Code for Africa, and 448 inside two of its 200 records. The story prints the computed figure.",
  "used_in": "Chapter 07 text and the pink layer over chapters 07 to 09; the legend counter.",
  "patches_not_tested": 462,
  "coverage_note": "The test covers the 123,079 patches Code for Africa publishes with mapped centres. The survey's own summary counts 123,541 patches, 462 of which fall below the mapping threshold and carry no centre, so they were never tested. Chapter 07 says so.",
  "patches_inside_two_areas": 432
 },
 "round_4_cuts": [
  {
   "cut": "Chapter 12's cobalt sentence (cut, then restored)",
   "why": "Cut in round 4 on a misreading of the source. MCS 2025 does name lithium-ion batteries as the leading global use for cobalt, in the Substitutes paragraph quoted under usgs_cobalt above, so the sentence was restored. The DR Congo 76 per cent figure stays in chapter 09."
  },
  {
   "cut": "Chapter 12's MAAP #148 carbon sentence (Madre de Dios, more than 800,000 t of carbon, 2013 to 2020)",
   "why": "The coda had to end inside the card at 1440 and 375. The source stays listed here and is verified."
  },
  {
   "cut": "Chapter 12's mapathon-labelling clause and its Pulitzer Center chip",
   "why": "Same length cut. The quote stays in africa_reporting."
  },
  {
   "cut": "Chapter 11's Pra River photograph",
   "why": "With the photograph, the two related-story links fell outside the card's visible box at both widths."
  },
  {
   "cut": "Chapter 11's Neuro Climate, Bali and Accra atlas links",
   "why": "Five outlined rows read as a link farm and only one showed on a phone. Bali moved to the coda's source row; the Accra atlas deep link was dropped while its button label is being fixed elsewhere."
  }
 ]
}